graphics!

49 files changed, 1541 insertions, 1260 deletions

diff --git a/src/user/dirinfo/dirinfo.c b/src/user/dirinfo/dirinfo.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 21afcc7..0000000
--- a/src/user/dirinfo/dirinfo.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-#include <pland/syscall.h>
-#include <knob/format.h>
-#include <knob/file.h>
-#include <knob/user.h>
-
-#define MAX_DIR_ENTRIES 20
-
-void main(const char *arg) {
-  uint8_t dn;
-  const char *path = remove_prefix(arg, &dn);
-
-  tell_user_sz("Directory info for ");
-  tell_user_sz(*arg ? arg : "drive root");
-  tell_user_sz("\n");
-
-  _dir_info_entry_t infos[MAX_DIR_ENTRIES];
-  uint8_t count = _enumerate_dir(dn, path, infos, MAX_DIR_ENTRIES);
-  tell_user_sz(
-    count == MAX_DIR_ENTRIES
-    ? "Truncated to 20 entries.\n\n"
-    : "\n"
-  );
-
-  uint32_t total_size = 0;
-
-  if (!count)
-    tell_user_sz("(none)\n");
-
-  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-    tell_user_sz(infos[i].name);
-    tell_user_sz(": ");
-    if (infos[i].is_dir)
-      tell_user_sz("dir");
-    else {
-      char nbuf[11];
-      itosz(infos[i].size, nbuf);
-      tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-      tell_user_sz(" bytes");
-      total_size += infos[i].size;
-    }
-    tell_user_sz("\n");
-  }
-
-  tell_user_sz("\nTotal size without subdirectories: ");
-  char nbuf[11];
-  itosz(total_size, nbuf);
-  tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-  tell_user_sz(" bytes\n");
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/dumphex/dumphex.c b/src/user/dumphex/dumphex.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 2944a2f..0000000
--- a/src/user/dumphex/dumphex.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-#include <knob/file.h>
-#include <knob/user.h>
-#include <knob/format.h>
-
-#define LINE_LEN 16
-
-void print_zero_line(uint32_t offset) {
-}
-
-void main(const char *path) {
-  struct file *f = open_file(path);
-  if (!f) {
-    tell_user_sz("Couldn't open file.\n");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  uint8_t line[LINE_LEN + 2];
-  uint8_t len;
-  uint32_t offset = -LINE_LEN;
-
-  enum {
-    ZR_NO,
-    ZR_FIRST,
-    ZR_REST
-  } zero_run;
-
-  char nbuf[9];
-
-  while ((len = read_from_file(f, LINE_LEN, line))) {
-    offset += LINE_LEN;
-
-    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < LINE_LEN; ++i)
-      if (line[i]) {
-        zero_run = ZR_NO;
-        goto print_normal;
-      }
-
-    switch (zero_run) {
-    case ZR_NO:
-      zero_run = ZR_FIRST;
-      _log_string("0x");
-      itosz_h32(offset, nbuf);
-      _log_string(nbuf);
-      _log_string(" | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 "
-                     "00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |\n");
-      continue;
-    case ZR_FIRST:
-      zero_run = ZR_REST;
-      tell_user_sz("...\n");
-    case ZR_REST:
-      continue;
-    }
-
-  print_normal:
-    _log_string("0x");
-    itosz_h32(offset, nbuf);
-    _log_string(nbuf);
-    _log_string(" |");
-
-    nbuf[0] = ' ';
-    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-      itosz_h8(line[i], nbuf + 1);
-      _log_string(nbuf);
-    }
-
-    for (uint8_t i = len; i < LINE_LEN; ++i)
-      _log_string("   ");
-
-    _log_string(" | ");
-
-    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
-      if ((line[i] < 0x20) || (line[i] > 0x7e))
-        line[i] = ' ';
-    line[len] = '\n';
-    line[len + 1] = '\0';
-
-    _log_string(line);
-  }
-
-  close_file(f);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/dumptext/dumptext.c b/src/user/dumptext/dumptext.c
deleted file mode 100644
index b10375c..0000000
--- a/src/user/dumptext/dumptext.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#include <knob/file.h>
-#include <knob/user.h>
-
-void main(const char *path) {
-  struct file *f = open_file(path);
-  if (!f) {
-    tell_user_sz("Couldn't open file.\n");
-    return;
-  }
-  char buf[] = { '\0', '\0' };
-  while (read_from_file(f, 1, buf))
-    tell_user_sz(buf);
-  tell_user_sz("\n");
-  close_file(f);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/fileman/fileman.c b/src/user/fileman/fileman.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b28d1d..0000000
--- a/src/user/fileman/fileman.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-#include <pland/syscall.h>
-#include <knob/block.h>
-#include <knob/file.h>
-#include <knob/heap.h>
-#include <knob/task.h>
-
-char path_sz[1024] = "";
-uint32_t path_len = 0;
-
-_dir_info_entry_t *dir_info;
-uint32_t dir_info_len;
-
-uint32_t scroll;
-uint32_t selected;
-#define MAX_PER_SCREEN 18
-
-void paint_screen() {
-  _clear_screen();
-
-  _set_color(0x70);
-  _print_at(0, 0, path_sz);
-  _log_string("/");
-  _set_color(0x07);
-
-  for (uint32_t i = scroll, row = 2; (i < dir_info_len) && (row < MAX_PER_SCREEN + 2); ++i, ++row) {
-    if (i == selected)
-      _set_color(0x17);
-    _print_at(row, 0, dir_info[i].name);
-    if (dir_info[i].is_dir)
-      _log_string("/");
-    if (i == selected)
-      _set_color(0x07);
-  }
-
-  _print_at(21, 0, "keybindings:\n"
-                   "UP, DOWN, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, HOME, END: move selection\n"
-                   "ENTER: enter selected directory, run selected program\n"
-                   "ESC:   go up a directory   Q: quit");
-}
-
-void load_dir() {
-  free_block(dir_info);
-  dir_info = get_directory_info(path_sz, &dir_info_len);
-  scroll = 0;
-  selected = 0;
-}
-
-void main(const char *sz) {
-  path_len = strcpy(path_sz, sz);
-  dir_info = get_directory_info(sz, &dir_info_len);
-
-  paint_screen();
-
-  while (true) {
-    _key_code_t key;
-    switch (key = _get_key()) {
-    case 0:
-      _yield_task();
-      continue;
-    case '\n':
-      {
-      uint32_t old_len = path_len;
-      if (path_len)
-        path_sz[path_len++] = '/';
-      path_len += strcpy(path_sz + path_len, dir_info[selected].name);
-      if (dir_info[selected].is_dir)
-        load_dir();
-      else {
-        try_run_command_blocking(path_sz);
-        //TODO: handle error
-        path_sz[old_len] = '\0';
-        path_len = old_len;
-      }
-      }
-      break;
-    case _KEY_ESC:
-      {
-      char *cutoff = path_sz;
-      for (char *i = path_sz + path_len - 1; i >= path_sz; --i)
-        if (*i == '/') {
-          cutoff = i;
-          break;
-        }
-      *cutoff = '\0';
-      path_len = cutoff - path_sz;
-      load_dir();
-      }
-      break;
-    case _KEY_HOME:
-      scroll = 0;
-      selected = 0;
-      break;
-    case _KEY_END:
-      selected = dir_info_len - 1;
-      scroll = dir_info_len >= MAX_PER_SCREEN
-        ? dir_info_len - MAX_PER_SCREEN : 0;
-      break;
-    case _KEY_UP:
-      if (!selected)
-        continue;
-      if (--selected < scroll)
-        scroll = selected;
-      break;
-    case _KEY_DOWN:
-      if (selected == dir_info_len - 1)
-        continue;
-      if (++selected >= scroll + MAX_PER_SCREEN)
-        ++scroll;
-      break;
-    case _KEY_PUP:
-      selected = selected >= MAX_PER_SCREEN
-        ? selected - MAX_PER_SCREEN : 0;
-      scroll = scroll >= MAX_PER_SCREEN
-        ? scroll - MAX_PER_SCREEN : 0;
-      break;
-    case _KEY_PDOWN:
-      if ((selected += MAX_PER_SCREEN) >= dir_info_len)
-        selected = dir_info_len - 1;
-      if ((scroll += MAX_PER_SCREEN) > selected)
-        scroll = selected;
-      break;
-    case 'q':
-      _clear_screen();
-      return;
-    default:
-      continue;
-    }
-    paint_screen();
-  }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/hello/hello.asm b/src/user/hello/hello.asm
deleted file mode 100644
index 65d32be..0000000
--- a/src/user/hello/hello.asm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-bits 32
-
-global _entry
-
-section .text
-_entry:
-  mov eax, 0x5
-  mov ebx, hello
-  int 0x30
-
-  int 0x38
-
-section .data
-hello db "Hello, world!", 0x0a, 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/highway/cmds.c b/src/user/highway/cmds.c
index d7a89d1..0420ae1 100644
--- a/src/user/highway/cmds.c
+++ b/src/user/highway/cmds.c
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
+#include <terminal/terminal.h>
+
 #include <knob/file.h>
-#include <knob/user.h>
+
 #include "line.h"
 #include "vars.h"
 
 void source(const char *path) {
   struct file *f = open_file(path);
-  if (!f)
-    tell_user_sz("couldn't open file.\n");
+  if (!f) {
+    term_addf("Could not open %s.\n", path);
+    return;
+  }
   char buf[128];
   while (read_line_from_file(f, buf, 127))
     run_line(buf);
diff --git a/src/user/highway/line.c b/src/user/highway/line.c
index c8e5c60..bf171e5 100644
--- a/src/user/highway/line.c
+++ b/src/user/highway/line.c
@@ -1,19 +1,37 @@
-#include <pland/pcrt.h>
+#include <terminal/terminal.h>
+
 #include <knob/block.h>
 #include <knob/task.h>
-#include <knob/user.h>
+
+#include <pland/pcrt.h>
+
 #include "cmds.h"
+#include "term.h"
 #include "vars.h"
 
 #define LINE_SIZE 4096
 static char line[LINE_SIZE];
 
+static inline uint8_t hex_to_int(char ch) {
+  return ch - (ch <= '9' ? '0' : 'a' - 10);
+}
+
+void ensure_color() {
+  const struct no_null_sn *fg = get_var((struct no_null_sn){.data = "_color_fg", .length = 9});
+  const struct no_null_sn *bg = get_var((struct no_null_sn){.data = "_color_bg", .length = 9});
+  if (fg && bg)
+    set_color(
+      (hex_to_int(fg->data[0]) << 4) | hex_to_int(fg->data[1]),
+      (hex_to_int(bg->data[0]) << 4) | hex_to_int(bg->data[1])
+    );
+}
+
 static void line_replace(const char *from) {
   const char *fi = from;
   char *ti = line;
   while (*fi) {
     if (ti == line + LINE_SIZE) {
-      tell_user_sz("Line too long.\n");
+      term_add_sz("Line too long.\n");
       line[0] = '\0';
       return;
     }
@@ -27,12 +45,15 @@ static void line_replace(const char *from) {
     const char *var_end = var_start;
     while (*var_end != '$')
       if (!*var_end++) {
-        tell_user_sz("Unterminated variable name.\n");
+        if (var_end - fi > 10)
+          term_addf("Unterminated variable at\"%10s...\".\n", fi);
+        else
+          term_addf("Unterminated variable at \"%s\".\n", fi);
         line[0] = '\0';
         return;
       }
     if (ti + (var_end - var_start) >= line + LINE_SIZE) {
-      tell_user_sz("Line too long.\n");
+      term_add_sz("Line too long.\n");
       line[0] = '\0';
       return;
     }
@@ -59,46 +80,50 @@ void run_line(const char *original_line) {
     ;
   if (blockequ(line, "source ", 7))
     source(space + 1);
-  else if (blockequ(line, "set ", 4))
+  else if (blockequ(line, "set ", 4)) {
     set(space + 1);
+    ensure_color();
+  }
   else if (blockequ(line, "echo ", 5)) {
-    tell_user_sz(space + 1);
-    tell_user_sz("\n");
+    term_add_sz(space + 1);
+    term_add_char('\n');
   }
   else if (blockequ(line, "vars", 5))
     dump_vars();
-  else if (blockequ(line, "quit", 5))
+  else if (blockequ(line, "quit", 5)) {
+    del_term(active_term);
     __pcrt_quit();
+  }
   else if (blockequ(line, "clear", 6))
-    _clear_screen();
+    clear_term();
   else if (blockequ(line, "help", 5))
-    tell_user_sz("Highway is a command shell for Portland OS. It includes variables and a couple\n"
-                 "of pseudo-commands. Variables are addressed by surrounding with \"$\". The\n"
-                 "following list shows each of the pseudo-commands.\n\n"
-                 "  source FILE       run each command in FILE\n"
-                 "  clear             clear the screen\n"
-                 "  echo STRING       print STRING\n"
-                 "  set VAR VALUE     set $VAR$ to VALUE\n"
-                 "  vars              dump variables\n"
-                 "  quit              exit highway\n"
-                 "  help              show this\n");
-  else if (!try_run_command_blocking(line)) {
-    struct no_null_sn arg = {
-      .data = "_path",
-      .length = 5
-    };
-    const struct no_null_sn *path = get_var(arg);
+    term_add_sz("Highway is a command shell for Portland OS. It includes variable support and a couple of pseudo-commands. Variables are addressed by surrounding with \"$\". The following list shows each of the pseudo-commands.\n\n"
+                "  source FILE\t"   "run each command in FILE\n"
+                "  clear\t\t\t"     "clear the screen\n"
+                "  echo STRING\t"   "print STRING\n"
+                "  set VAR VALUE\t" "set $VAR$ to VALUE\n"
+                "  vars\t\t\t"      "dump variables\n"
+                "  quit\t\t\t"      "exit highway\n"
+                "  help\t\t\t"      "show this\n");
+  else if (!try_run_command_blocking(line, stdio_task)) {
+    const struct no_null_sn *path = get_var((struct no_null_sn){.data = "_path", .length = 5});
     if (!path->length) {
-      tell_user_sz("Could not run command.\n");
+      term_add_sz("Could not run command.\n");
       return;
     }
     for (uint16_t to_i = LINE_SIZE - 1; to_i >= path->length; --to_i)
       line[to_i] = line[to_i - path->length];
     blockcpy(line, path->data, path->length);
-    if (!try_run_command_blocking(line)) {
-      tell_user_sz("Could not run command.\n");
+    if (!try_run_command_blocking(line, stdio_task)) {
+      term_add_sz("Could not run command.\n");
       return;
     }
+    else {
+      ensure_color();
+      if (active_term->cursor_x)
+        term_newline();
+    }
   }
-  _set_color(0x07);
+  else
+    ensure_color();
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/highway/line.h b/src/user/highway/line.h
index 4785034..fc131ec 100644
--- a/src/user/highway/line.h
+++ b/src/user/highway/line.h
@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@
 #define LINE_H
 
 void run_line(const char *line);
+void ensure_color();
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/highway/main.c b/src/user/highway/main.c
index 4599315..60d5a69 100644
--- a/src/user/highway/main.c
+++ b/src/user/highway/main.c
@@ -1,17 +1,36 @@
-#include <knob/user.h>
+#include <terminal/terminal.h>
+#include <terminal/readline.h>
+
+#include <libfont/fonts.h>
+
+#include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
 #include <knob/task.h>
+
 #include "cmds.h"
 #include "line.h"
 
+#define FONT_NAME "berry"
+
 void main(const char *arg) {
+  struct font_info *f = get_font(FONT_NAME);
+
+  if (!f)
+    return;
+
+  active_term = make_term(f, 50, 18);
+  if (!active_term)
+    return;
+
   source(*arg ? arg : "user/default.rc");
+  ensure_color();
+
+  term_add_sz("Portland Highway\nType \"help\" for help.\n");
+  paint_term();
+
   char cmd_buf[128];
-  yield_task();
-  struct history *cmd_hs = new_history(128);
-  tell_user_sz("Portland Highway\nType \"help\" for help.\n");
   while (1) {
-    tell_user_sz("\n> ");
-    ask_user_line_sz_with_history(cmd_buf, 127, cmd_hs);
+    read_line(cmd_buf, 127, "> ");
     run_line(cmd_buf);
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/highway/vars.c b/src/user/highway/vars.c
index 6090b76..5f56621 100644
--- a/src/user/highway/vars.c
+++ b/src/user/highway/vars.c
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+#include <terminal/terminal.h>
+
+#include <knob/format.h>
 #include <knob/block.h>
 #include <knob/heap.h>
-#include <knob/user.h>
+
+#include <pland/pcrt.h>
 
 struct no_null_sn {
   char *data;
@@ -73,26 +77,6 @@ void del_var(struct no_null_sn name) {
 
 void dump_vars() {
   for (struct var_dict_node *node = var_dict_start; node; node = node->next) {
-    tell_user_sz("$");
-
-    char *buf = get_block(node->name.length + 1);
-    blockcpy(buf, node->name.data, node->name.length);
-    buf[node->name.length] = '\0';
-
-    tell_user_sz(buf);
-
-    free_block(buf);
-
-    tell_user_sz("$ = ");
-
-    buf = get_block(node->value.length + 1);
-    blockcpy(buf, node->value.data, node->value.length);
-    buf[node->value.length] = '\0';
-
-    tell_user_sz(buf);
-
-    free_block(buf);
-
-    tell_user_sz("\n");
+    term_addf_no_ww("$%ns$ = %ns\n", node->name.length, node->name.data, node->value.length, node->value.data);
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/block.h b/src/user/include/knob/block.h
index 56d3740..f77709d 100644
--- a/src/user/include/knob/block.h
+++ b/src/user/include/knob/block.h
@@ -13,4 +13,9 @@ uint32_t strcpy(char *to, const char *from);
 //allocates new memory
 char *strdup(const char *from);
 
+//without null-terminator
+uint32_t strlen(const char *str) __attribute__ ((pure));
+
+bool strequ(const char *a, const char *b) __attribute__ ((pure));
+
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/env.h b/src/user/include/knob/env.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d750ae..0000000
--- a/src/user/include/knob/env.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef KNOB_ENV_H
-#define KNOB_ENV_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-//not implemented yet
-extern uint32_t current_drive;
-
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/format.h b/src/user/include/knob/format.h
index d55036c..fed31c7 100644
--- a/src/user/include/knob/format.h
+++ b/src/user/include/knob/format.h
@@ -1,12 +1,29 @@
 #ifndef KNOB_FORMAT_H
 #define KNOB_FORMAT_H
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+//allocates new memory
+char *format_v(const char *fmt, va_list args);
+
+//allocates new memory
+char *format(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+void syslogf_v(const char *fmt, va_list args);
+
+void syslogf(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+//reads a unsigned decimal terminated by either null or whitespace
+//returns length of string plus length of whitespace
+//returns 0 on failure
+uint32_t try_swtou(const char *from, uint32_t *i_out);
 
-bool try_sntoi(const char *s, uint32_t n, uint32_t *out);
-void itosz(uint32_t i, char *out) __attribute__ ((access (write_only, 2)));
-void itosz_h8(uint8_t i, char *out) __attribute__ ((access (write_only, 2)));
-void itosz_h32(uint32_t i, char *out) __attribute__ ((access (write_only, 2)));
+//reads a hexadecimal terminated by either null or whitespace
+//returns length of string plus length of whitespace
+//returns 0 on failure
+uint32_t try_swtoh(const char *from, uint32_t *i_out);
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/ipc.h b/src/user/include/knob/ipc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eab562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/knob/ipc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef KNOB_IPC_H
+#define KNOB_IPC_H
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
+//blocking, returns early if other process is dead.
+//return value is number of bytes written.
+uint32_t try_send_ipc(_task_handle_t to, void *buffer, uint32_t size);
+
+//blocking, returns early if other process is dead.
+//return value is number of bytes read.
+uint32_t try_read_ipc(_task_handle_t from, void *buffer, uint32_t size);
+
+void flush_ipc(_task_handle_t from);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/key.h b/src/user/include/knob/key.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90509fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/knob/key.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef KNOB_KEY_H
+#define KNOB_KEY_H
+
+#include <keypack.h>
+
+char key_to_char(struct key_packet kp) __attribute__ ((pure));
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/panic.h b/src/user/include/knob/panic.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dd33a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/knob/panic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef KNOB_PANIC_H
+#define KNOB_PANIC_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#define PANIC(msg) panic(__FILE__, __LINE__, msg)
+void panic(const char *filename, uint32_t line, const char *message) __attribute__ ((noreturn));
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/task.h b/src/user/include/knob/task.h
index 6539a00..cd51c37 100644
--- a/src/user/include/knob/task.h
+++ b/src/user/include/knob/task.h
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 #ifndef KNOB_TASK_H
 #define KNOB_TASK_H
 
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-uint32_t run_command(const char *path);
-bool try_run_command_blocking(const char *path);
-void yield_task();
+uint32_t run_command(const char *path, _task_handle_t stdio_task);
+bool try_run_command_blocking(const char *path, _task_handle_t stdio_task);
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/knob/user.h b/src/user/include/knob/user.h
deleted file mode 100644
index fb11c9b..0000000
--- a/src/user/include/knob/user.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef KNOB_USER_H
-#define KNOB_USER_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <pland/syscall.h>
-
-struct history;
-
-char key_to_char(_key_code_t key) __attribute__ ((const));
-
-void tell_user_sz(const char *sz);
-
-//return value and max_length don't include null terminator
-//returns the real length of the string
-uint32_t ask_user_line_sz(char *sz, uint32_t max_length);
-
-struct history *new_history(uint32_t max_entries);
-void del_history(struct history *hs);
-
-uint32_t ask_user_line_sz_with_history(char *sz, uint32_t max_length, struct history *hs);
-
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/libfont/fonts.h b/src/user/include/libfont/fonts.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b66659f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/libfont/fonts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#ifndef LIBFONT_FONTS_H
+#define LIBFONT_FONTS_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+struct font_info {
+  uint32_t space_width;
+  uint32_t space_height;
+  uint32_t char_width;
+  uint32_t char_height;
+  bool *bitmaps[256];//left to right then top to bottom
+                     //null pointer for unsupported character
+                     //unsupported characters drawn as bitmaps[0]
+};
+
+struct font_info *get_font(const char *name);
+
+void put_char(const struct font_info *font, char ch, uint8_t *pb_ptr, uint32_t pb_pitch, uint8_t bg, uint8_t fg);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/pland/pcrt.h b/src/user/include/pland/pcrt.h
index 07ad453..42158cd 100644
--- a/src/user/include/pland/pcrt.h
+++ b/src/user/include/pland/pcrt.h
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef PLAND_PCRT_H
 #define PLAND_PCRT_H
 
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
 #define BEFORE_MAIN(f) \
   __attribute__ ((section (".__pcrt_before_main"))) \
   __attribute__ ((unused)) \
@@ -13,4 +15,7 @@
 
 void __pcrt_quit() __attribute__ ((noreturn));
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+extern _task_handle_t calling_task;
+extern _task_handle_t stdio_task;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/user/include/pland/syscall.h b/src/user/include/pland/syscall.h
index ead5fea..6d327d5 100644
--- a/src/user/include/pland/syscall.h
+++ b/src/user/include/pland/syscall.h
@@ -4,119 +4,12 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
+#include <winact.h>
+
 typedef uint32_t _file_handle_t;
 typedef uint32_t _task_handle_t;
 typedef uint32_t _drive_number_t;
-typedef uint32_t _process_handle_t;
-
-typedef enum {
-  _KEY_LSHIFT = 0x00000100,
-  _KEY_RSHIFT = 0x00000200,
-  _KEY_CAPS   = 0x00000400,
-  _KEY_INSERT = 0x00000800,
-  _KEY_NUM    = 0x00001000,
-  _KEY_SCROLL = 0x00002000,
-  _KEY_LALT   = 0x00004000,
-  _KEY_RALT   = 0x00008000,
-  _KEY_LCTRL  = 0x00010000,
-  _KEY_RCTRL  = 0x00020000,
-  _KEY_LMETA  = 0x00040000,
-  _KEY_RMETA  = 0x00080000,
-
-  _KEY_SHIFT  = 0x00000300,
-  _KEY_SCAPS  = 0x00000700,
-  _KEY_ALT    = 0x0000c000,
-  _KEY_CTRL   = 0x00030000,
-  _KEY_META   = 0x000c0000,
-
-  _KEY_BEGIN_CAPS = 0x80,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_INSERT,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_NUM,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_SCROLL,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_LSHIFT,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_RSHIFT,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_LALT,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_RALT,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_LCTRL,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_RCTRL,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_LMETA,
-  _KEY_BEGIN_RMETA,
-  /* 0x8c - 0x97 reserved */
-  /* 0x98 - 0x9f unassigned */
-  _KEY_F1 = 0xa0,
-  _KEY_F2,
-  _KEY_F3,
-  _KEY_F4,
-  _KEY_F5,
-  _KEY_F6,
-  _KEY_F7,
-  _KEY_F8,
-  _KEY_F9,
-  _KEY_F10,
-  _KEY_F11,
-  _KEY_F12,
-  /* 0xac - 0xaf unassigned */
-  _KEY_NUM0 = 0xb0,
-  _KEY_NUM1,
-  _KEY_NUM2,
-  _KEY_NUM3,
-  _KEY_NUM4,
-  _KEY_NUM5,
-  _KEY_NUM6,
-  _KEY_NUM7,
-  _KEY_NUM8,
-  _KEY_NUM9,
-  _KEY_NTIMES,
-  _KEY_NPLUS,
-  _KEY_NENTER,
-  _KEY_NMINUS,
-  _KEY_NDOT,
-  _KEY_NSLASH,
-  /* 0xc0 unassigned */
-  _KEY_DELETE = 0xc1,
-  _KEY_HOME,
-  _KEY_END,
-  _KEY_PUP,
-  _KEY_PDOWN,
-  _KEY_UP,
-  _KEY_DOWN,
-  _KEY_LEFT,
-  _KEY_RIGHT,
-  _KEY_ESC,
-  _KEY_MENU,
-  _KEY_PAUSE,
-  _KEY_PRSCR,
-  /* 0xce - 0xef unassigned */
-} _key_code_t;
-
-typedef enum {
-  _COLOR_FG_BLACK   = 0x00,
-  _COLOR_FG_BLUE    = 0x01,
-  _COLOR_FG_GREEN   = 0x02,
-  _COLOR_FG_CYAN    = 0x03,
-  _COLOR_FG_RED     = 0x04,
-  _COLOR_FG_MAGENTA = 0x05,
-  _COLOR_FG_BROWN   = 0x06,
-  _COLOR_FG_LGRAY   = 0x07,
-
-  _COLOR_FG_DGRAY   = 0x08,
-  _COLOR_FG_LBLUE   = 0x09,
-  _COLOR_FG_LGREEN  = 0x0a,
-  _COLOR_FG_LCYAN   = 0x0b,
-  _COLOR_FG_LRED    = 0x0c,
-  _COLOR_FG_PINK    = 0x0d,
-  _COLOR_FG_YELLOW  = 0x0e,
-  _COLOR_FG_WHITE   = 0x0f,
-
-  _COLOR_BG_BLACK   = 0x00,
-  _COLOR_BG_BLUE    = 0x10,
-  _COLOR_BG_GREEN   = 0x20,
-  _COLOR_BG_CYAN    = 0x30,
-  _COLOR_BG_RED     = 0x40,
-  _COLOR_BG_MAGENTA = 0x50,
-  _COLOR_BG_BROWN   = 0x60,
-  _COLOR_BG_LGRAY   = 0x70
-} _vga_color_t;
+typedef void    *_window_handle_t;
 
 typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
   char name[100];
@@ -131,17 +24,26 @@ enum _scn {
   _SCN_FILE_READ,
   _SCN_FILE_SIZE,
   _SCN_START_TASK,
-  _SCN_LOG_STRING,
-  _SCN_GET_KEY,
+  _SCN_IPC_SEND,
+  _SCN_IPC_READ,
   _SCN_ALLOCATE_RAM,
   _SCN_MEMORY_INFO,
   _SCN_WAIT_FOR_TASK,
   _SCN_ENUMERATE_DIR,
-  _SCN_PRINT_AT,
+  _SCN_SYSTEM_LOG,
   _SCN_COUNT_OF_DIR,
-  _SCN_CLEAR_SCREEN,
-  _SCN_SET_COLOR,
-  _SCN_SWAP_COLOR
+  _SCN_NEW_WINDOW,
+  _SCN_DELETE_WINDOW,
+  _SCN_RESIZE_WINDOW,
+  _SCN_REASSIGN_PIXBUF,
+  _SCN_PAINT_WINDOW,
+  _SCN_GET_WIN_ACTION,
+  _SCN_WAIT_FOR_ACTION,
+  _SCN_WAIT_IPC_SEND,
+  _SCN_WAIT_FOR_ANY_IPC,
+  _SCN_FIND_UNREAD_IPC,
+  _SCN_WAIT_IPC_READ,
+  _SCN_IS_TASK_RUNNING
 };
 
 static inline uint32_t _sc0(enum _scn eax) {
@@ -211,7 +113,7 @@ static inline void _exit_task() {
 }
 
 static inline _file_handle_t _open_file(_drive_number_t drive_number, const char *path) {
-  return _sc2(_SCN_OPEN_FILE, drive_number, (uint32_t)path);
+  return (_file_handle_t)_sc2(_SCN_OPEN_FILE, drive_number, (uint32_t)path);
 }
 
 static inline void _close_file(_file_handle_t handle) {
@@ -226,16 +128,16 @@ static inline uint32_t _file_size(_file_handle_t handle) {
   return _sc1(_SCN_FILE_SIZE, handle);
 }
 
-static inline _process_handle_t _start_task(_drive_number_t drive_number, const char *path, const char *pass) {
-  return _sc3(_SCN_START_TASK, drive_number, (uint32_t)path, (uint32_t)pass);
+static inline _task_handle_t _start_task(_drive_number_t drive_number, const char *path, const char *pass, _task_handle_t stdio_task) {
+  return (_task_handle_t)_sc4(_SCN_START_TASK, drive_number, (uint32_t)path, (uint32_t)pass, (uint32_t)stdio_task);
 }
 
-static inline void _log_string(const char *sz) {
-  _sc1(_SCN_LOG_STRING, (uint32_t)sz);
+static inline uint32_t _ipc_send(_task_handle_t handle, uint32_t count, const void *buffer) {
+  return _sc3(_SCN_IPC_SEND, handle, count, (uint32_t)buffer);
 }
 
-static inline _key_code_t _get_key() {
-  return _sc0(_SCN_GET_KEY);
+static inline uint32_t _ipc_read(_task_handle_t handle, uint32_t count, void *buffer) {
+  return _sc3(_SCN_IPC_SEND, handle, count, (uint32_t)buffer);
 }
 
 static inline void *_allocate_ram(uint32_t pages) {
@@ -262,7 +164,7 @@ static inline uint32_t _this_process_memory_left() {
   return _sc1(_SCN_MEMORY_INFO, 0x4);
 }
 
-static inline void _wait_for_task(_process_handle_t handle) {
+static inline void _wait_for_task(_task_handle_t handle) {
   _sc1(_SCN_WAIT_FOR_TASK, handle);
 }
 
@@ -270,24 +172,60 @@ static inline uint32_t _enumerate_dir(_drive_number_t drive_number, const char *
   return _sc4(_SCN_ENUMERATE_DIR, drive_number, (uint32_t)path, (uint32_t)buffer, max_count);
 }
 
-static inline void _print_at(uint8_t row, uint8_t col, const char *sz) {
-  _sc2(_SCN_PRINT_AT, (row << 8) | col, (uint32_t)sz);
-}
-
 static inline uint32_t _count_of_dir(uint8_t drive_number, const char *path) {
   return _sc2(_SCN_COUNT_OF_DIR, drive_number, (uint32_t)path);
 }
 
-static inline void _clear_screen() {
-  _sc0(_SCN_CLEAR_SCREEN);
+static inline _window_handle_t _new_window(uint16_t width, uint16_t height, void *pixel_buffer) {
+  return (_window_handle_t)_sc3(_SCN_NEW_WINDOW, width, height, (uint32_t)pixel_buffer);
+}
+
+static inline void _delete_window(_window_handle_t window) {
+  _sc1(_SCN_DELETE_WINDOW, (uint32_t)window);
+}
+
+static inline void _resize_window(_window_handle_t window, uint16_t width, uint16_t height) {
+  _sc3(_SCN_RESIZE_WINDOW, (uint32_t)window, width, height);
+}
+
+static inline void _reassign_pixbuf(_window_handle_t window, void *pixel_buffer) {
+  _sc2(_SCN_REASSIGN_PIXBUF, (uint32_t)window, (uint32_t)pixel_buffer);
+}
+
+static inline void _paint_window(_window_handle_t window) {
+  _sc1(_SCN_PAINT_WINDOW, (uint32_t)window);
+}
+
+static inline void _get_win_action(_window_handle_t window, struct window_action *action_pointer) {
+  _sc2(_SCN_GET_WIN_ACTION, (uint32_t)window, (uint32_t)action_pointer);
+}
+
+static inline void _wait_for_action() {
+  _sc0(_SCN_WAIT_FOR_ACTION);
+}
+
+static inline void _wait_ipc_send(_task_handle_t sending_task) {
+  _sc1(_SCN_WAIT_IPC_SEND, sending_task);
+}
+
+static inline void _system_log(const char *sz) {
+  _sc1(_SCN_SYSTEM_LOG, (uint32_t)sz);
+}
+
+static inline void _wait_for_any_ipc() {
+  _sc0(_SCN_WAIT_FOR_ANY_IPC);
+}
+
+static inline _task_handle_t _find_unread_ipc() {
+  return _sc0(_SCN_FIND_UNREAD_IPC);
 }
 
-static inline void _set_color(_vga_color_t color) {
-  _sc1(_SCN_SET_COLOR, color);
+static inline void _wait_ipc_read(_task_handle_t reading_task) {
+  _sc1(_SCN_WAIT_IPC_READ, reading_task);
 }
 
-static inline void _swap_color(uint8_t row, uint8_t col) {
-  _sc1(_SCN_SWAP_COLOR, (row << 8) | col);
+static inline bool _is_task_running(_task_handle_t handle) {
+  return (bool)_sc1(_SCN_IS_TASK_RUNNING, handle);
 }
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/popups/info.h b/src/user/include/popups/info.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c4e83f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/popups/info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef POPUPS_INFO_H
+#define POPUPS_INFO_H
+
+#include <popups/popup.h>
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+void info_popup(struct popup *into, const char *text, uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg);
+void info_popupf(struct popup *into, const char *text, uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg, ...);
+void info_popupf_v(struct popup *into, const char *text, uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg, va_list args);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/popups/popup.h b/src/user/include/popups/popup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a3c531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/popups/popup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#ifndef POPUPS_POPUP_H
+#define POPUPS_POPUP_H
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
+struct popup {
+  _window_handle_t handle;
+  uint8_t *pixbuf;
+
+  bool has_quit;
+  struct key_packet quit_as;
+
+  //terminated by one with .key_id == 0
+  struct key_packet *quit_binds;
+  bool free_quit_binds;
+};
+
+void handle_actions(struct popup *p);
+//deletes popup before returning
+void make_modal(struct popup *p);
+void delete_popup(struct popup *p);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/terminal/readline.h b/src/user/include/terminal/readline.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9046610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/terminal/readline.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef TERMINAL_READLINE_H
+#define TERMINAL_READLINE_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+//returns length of string without null terminator
+//max_length doesn't include null terminator
+uint32_t read_line(char *sz, uint32_t max_length, const char *prompt);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/include/terminal/terminal.h b/src/user/include/terminal/terminal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1782173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/include/terminal/terminal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef TERMINAL_TERMINAL_H
+#define TERMINAL_TERMINAL_H
+
+#include <libfont/fonts.h>
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+struct terminal {
+  _window_handle_t window;
+  uint8_t *pixbuf;
+  uint32_t window_width;
+  uint32_t window_height;
+
+  struct font_info *font;
+
+  uint32_t cols;
+  uint32_t rows;
+  char *charbuf;
+
+  uint32_t cursor_y;
+  uint32_t cursor_x;
+
+  uint8_t fg;
+  uint8_t bg;
+};
+
+struct terminal *make_term(struct font_info *font, uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows);
+void del_term(struct terminal *term);
+
+extern struct terminal *active_term;
+
+void paint_term();
+
+void set_color(uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg);
+void clear_term();
+
+void move_cursor(uint32_t new_y, uint32_t new_x);
+
+void cursor_left();
+void cursor_right();
+void cursor_up();
+void cursor_down();
+
+void term_newline();
+void term_add_char(char ch);
+void term_add_sz_no_ww(const char *sz);
+void term_add_sz(const char *sz);
+
+void term_addf_no_ww_v(const char *fmt, va_list args);
+void term_addf_no_ww(const char *fmt, ...);
+void term_addf_v(const char *fmt, va_list args);
+void term_addf(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/init/init.c b/src/user/init/init.c
index fb231e0..860c45f 100644
--- a/src/user/init/init.c
+++ b/src/user/init/init.c
@@ -1,32 +1,29 @@
-#include <knob/user.h>
 #include <knob/file.h>
 #include <knob/task.h>
 
 #define STARTUP_FILE_PATH "sys/startup.rc"
+#define CMD_BUF_LEN 1024
+
+char cmdbuf[CMD_BUF_LEN];
 
 void main() {
   struct file *f = open_file(STARTUP_FILE_PATH);
   if (!f) {
-    tell_user_sz("Could not open " STARTUP_FILE_PATH ".\n");
+    _system_log("Could not open " STARTUP_FILE_PATH ".\n");
     return;
   }
 
-  tell_user_sz("[init] Reading from " STARTUP_FILE_PATH ".\n");
-
-  char cmdbuf[128];
-  while (read_line_from_file(f, cmdbuf, 127)) {
-    tell_user_sz("[init] Starting ");
-    tell_user_sz(cmdbuf);
-    tell_user_sz(": ");
-    if (run_command(cmdbuf)) {
-      tell_user_sz("Succeded.\n");
-      yield_task();
-    }
-    else
-      tell_user_sz("Failed.\n");
+  while (read_line_from_file(f, cmdbuf, CMD_BUF_LEN - 1)) {
+    if (cmdbuf[0] == '#')
+      continue;
+  //syslogf(run_command(cmdbuf)
+  //  ? "[init] Started %s."
+  //  : "[init] Could not run %s."
+  //, cmdbuf);
+    run_command(cmdbuf, 0);
   }
 
   close_file(f);
 
-  tell_user_sz("[init] Done starting programs.\n");
+  _system_log("Done starting startup tasks.");
 }
diff --git a/src/user/knob/block.c b/src/user/knob/block.c
index 94bd073..90f79e3 100644
--- a/src/user/knob/block.c
+++ b/src/user/knob/block.c
@@ -33,4 +33,28 @@ char *strdup(const char *from) {
   char *buf = get_block(end - from);
   blockcpy(buf, from, end - from);
   return buf;
+}
+
+__attribute__ ((pure))
+bool strequ(const char *a, const char *b) {
+  while (true) {
+    if ((*a == '\0') != (*b == '\0'))
+      return false;
+    if (*a == '\0')
+      return true;
+    if (*a != *b)
+      return false;
+    ++a;
+    ++b;
+  }
+}
+
+__attribute__ ((pure))
+uint32_t strlen(const char *str) {
+  uint32_t len = 0;
+  while (*str) {
+    ++len;
+    ++str;
+  }
+  return len;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/knob/env.c b/src/user/knob/env.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 952ab86..0000000
--- a/src/user/knob/env.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-uint32_t current_drive;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/knob/file.c b/src/user/knob/file.c
index f1a039d..3083503 100644
--- a/src/user/knob/file.c
+++ b/src/user/knob/file.c
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-#include <pland/syscall.h>
-#include <pland/pcrt.h>
 #include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/panic.h>
 #include <knob/heap.h>
-#include <knob/env.h>
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+#include <pland/pcrt.h>
 
 struct ofl_node {
   struct ofl_node *next;
@@ -27,23 +28,10 @@ struct file {
 };
 
 const char *remove_prefix(const char *path, uint8_t *dn_out) {
-  if ((path[0] != 's') || (path[1] != 'd'))
-    goto no_prefix;
-
-  const char *num_part = path + 2;
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; num_part[i]; ++i)
-    if (num_part[i] == ':') {
-
-      uint32_t dn_large;
-      if (!try_sntoi(num_part, i, &dn_large) || dn_large > 255)
-        goto no_prefix;
-
-      *dn_out = (uint8_t)dn_large;
-      return num_part + i + 1;
-    }
+  if ((path[0] == 's') && (path[1] == 'd'))
+    PANIC("remove_prefix not fully implemented");
 
-no_prefix:
-  *dn_out = current_drive;
+  *dn_out = 0;//change this later to an "active drive" or something
   return path;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/user/knob/format.c b/src/user/knob/format.c
index 593b20c..54d50ef 100644
--- a/src/user/knob/format.c
+++ b/src/user/knob/format.c
@@ -1,48 +1,231 @@
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-bool try_sntoi(const char *s, uint32_t n, uint32_t *out) {
-  uint32_t calc = 0;
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-    if ((s[i] < '0') || (s[i] > '9'))
-      return false;
-    calc = calc * 10 + s[i] - '0';
-  }
-  *out = calc;
-  return true;
-}
+#include <knob/block.h>
+#include <knob/panic.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+#include <pland/pcrt.h>
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#define FORMAT_BUF_INIT_SIZE 200
+#define FORMAT_BUF_CHUNK_SIZE 50
 
-__attribute__ ((access (write_only, 2)))
-void itosz(uint32_t i, char *out) {
-  if (!i) {
-    *(uint16_t *)out = (uint16_t)'0';
+#define BAD_SPEC "%%UNKNOWN FORMAT SPEC%%"
+#define BAD_SPEC_LEN 23
+
+static char *buf;
+static uint32_t buf_s;
+static char *buf_i;
+
+static const char *const hextab = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+static void ensure(uint32_t extra) {
+  const uint32_t total_len = buf_i - buf + extra;
+  if (total_len < buf_s)
     return;
+
+  buf_s = (total_len / FORMAT_BUF_CHUNK_SIZE + 1) * FORMAT_BUF_CHUNK_SIZE;
+
+  char *const new_buf = get_block(buf_s);
+  if (!new_buf)
+    PANIC("out of memory in knob format");
+  blockcpy(new_buf, buf, buf_i - buf);
+  free_block(buf);
+  buf_i += new_buf - buf;
+  buf = new_buf;
+}
+
+struct format_spec {
+  uint32_t len;
+  enum {
+    UNKNOWN,
+    CHAR,
+    STRING,
+    UNSIGNED_DECIMAL,
+    HEXADECIMAL
+    //TODO: signed decimal
+  } kind;
+};
+
+static const char *get_format(const char *from, struct format_spec *format_out) {
+  if (*from == 'n') {
+    ++from;
+    format_out->len = -1;
   }
-  bool zero = false;
-  for (uint32_t m = 1000000000; m; m /= 10) {
-    uint8_t d = (i / m) % 10;
-    if (zero)
-      *(out++) = d + '0';
-    else if (d) {
-      zero = true;
-      *(out++) = d + '0';
+  else {
+    uint32_t len = 0;
+    while ((*from >= '0') && (*from <= '9'))
+      len = len * 10 + *(from++) - '0';
+    format_out->len = len;
+  }
+
+  switch (*from) {
+  case 'c':
+    format_out->kind = CHAR;
+    break;
+  case 's':
+    format_out->kind = STRING;
+    break;
+  case 'u':
+    format_out->kind = UNSIGNED_DECIMAL;
+    break;
+  case 'h':
+  case 'x':
+    format_out->kind = HEXADECIMAL;
+    break;
+  default:
+    format_out->kind = UNKNOWN;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return from + 1;
+}
+
+//allocates new memory
+char *format_v(const char *fmt, va_list args) {
+  buf = get_block(FORMAT_BUF_INIT_SIZE);
+  if (!buf)
+    PANIC("out of memory in knob format");
+  buf_s = FORMAT_BUF_INIT_SIZE;
+  buf_i = buf;
+
+  while (*fmt) {
+    if (*fmt != '%') {
+      ensure(1);
+      *(buf_i++) = *(fmt++);
+    }
+    else if (fmt[1] == '%') {
+      ensure(1);
+      *(buf_i++) = '%';
+      fmt += 2;
+    }
+    else {
+      struct format_spec form;
+      fmt = get_format(fmt + 1, &form);
+      if (form.len == -1)
+      //should passing zero still have the special meaning?
+        form.len = va_arg(args, uint32_t);
+      switch (form.kind) {
+      case UNKNOWN:
+        ensure(BAD_SPEC_LEN);
+        blockcpy(buf_i, BAD_SPEC, BAD_SPEC_LEN);
+        buf_i += BAD_SPEC_LEN;
+        continue;
+
+        uint32_t ch;
+      case CHAR:
+        ch = va_arg(args, uint32_t);
+        ensure(1);
+        *(buf_i++) = (char)ch;
+        continue;
+
+        const char *str;
+      case STRING:
+        str = va_arg(args, const char *);
+        if (!form.len)
+          form.len = strlen(str);
+        ensure(form.len);
+        blockcpy(buf_i, str, form.len);
+        buf_i += form.len;
+        continue;
+
+        uint32_t k;
+      case UNSIGNED_DECIMAL:
+        k = va_arg(args, uint32_t);
+        if (!form.len) {
+          uint32_t n = 10;
+          ++form.len;
+          while (k >= n) {
+            ++form.len;
+            n *= 10;
+          }
+        }
+        ensure(form.len);
+        const uint32_t len_backup = form.len;
+        while (form.len--) {
+          buf_i[form.len] = (k % 10) + '0';
+          k /= 10;
+        }
+        buf_i += len_backup;
+        continue;
+
+      case HEXADECIMAL:
+        k = va_arg(args, uint32_t);
+        if (!form.len)
+          form.len = 8;
+        ensure(form.len);
+        const uint32_t hlen_backup = form.len;
+        while (form.len--) {
+          buf_i[form.len] = hextab[k % 16];
+          k >>= 4;
+        }
+        buf_i += hlen_backup;
+        continue;
+      }
     }
   }
-  *out = '\0';
+
+  *buf_i = '\0';
+  return buf;
+}
+
+//allocates new memory
+char *format(const char *fmt, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  char *const res = format_v(fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  return res;
+}
+
+void syslogf_v(const char *fmt, va_list args) {
+  char *const msg = format_v(fmt, args);
+  _system_log(msg);
+  free_block(msg);
 }
 
-const char *const hex_digits = "0123456789abcdef";
+void syslogf(const char *fmt, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  syslogf_v(fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+}
 
-__attribute__ ((access (write_only, 2)))
-void itosz_h8(uint8_t i, char *out) {
-  out[0] = hex_digits[i >> 4];
-  out[1] = hex_digits[i & 0xf];
-  out[2] = '\0';
+//reads a unsigned decimal terminated by either null or whitespace
+//returns length of string plus length of whitespace
+//returns 0 on failure
+uint32_t try_swtou(const char *from, uint32_t *i_out) {
+  const char *const old_from = from;
+  uint32_t v = 0;
+  while (*from && (*from != '\n') && (*from != ' ')) {
+    if ((*from < '0') || (*from > '9'))
+      return 0;
+    v = v * 10 + *(from++) - '0';
+  }
+  *i_out = v;
+  while ((*from == '\n') || (*from == ' '))
+    ++from;
+  return from - old_from;
 }
 
-__attribute__ ((access (write_only, 2)))
-void itosz_h32(uint32_t i, char *out) {
-  for (uint8_t digit = 0; digit < 8; ++digit)
-    out[digit] = hex_digits[(i >> (28 - digit * 4)) & 0xf];
-  out[8] = '\0';
+//reads a hexadecimal terminated by either null or whitespace
+//returns length of string plus length of whitespace
+//returns 0 on failure
+uint32_t try_swtoh(const char *from, uint32_t *i_out) {
+  const char *const old_from = from;
+  uint32_t v = 0;
+  while (*from && (*from != '\n') && (*from != ' ')) {
+    if ((*from >= '0') && (*from <= '9'))
+      v = v * 16 + *(from++) - '0';
+    else if ((*from >= 'a') && (*from <= 'f'))
+      v = v * 16 + *(from++) - 'a' + 10;
+    else if ((*from >= 'A') && (*from <= 'F'))
+      v = v * 16 + *(from++) - 'A' + 10;
+    else
+      return 0;
+  }
+  *i_out = v;
+  while ((*from == '\n') || (*from == ' '))
+    ++from;
+  return from - old_from;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/knob/heap.c b/src/user/knob/heap.c
index 49f9339..b770542 100644
--- a/src/user/knob/heap.c
+++ b/src/user/knob/heap.c
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+#include <knob/format.h>
+
 #include <pland/syscall.h>
+
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
@@ -24,23 +27,8 @@ static void add_header(struct block_header *bh) {
 
 __attribute__ ((malloc))
 void *get_block(uint32_t bytes) {
-//char nbuf[11];
-//tell_user_sz("[heap::get_block]\n  first_block = 0x");
-//itosz_h32((uint32_t)first_block, nbuf);
-//tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-//tell_user_sz("\n");
   struct block_header *header = 0;
-
   for (struct block_header *ptr = first_block; ptr; ptr = ptr->next) {
-  //tell_user_sz("  ptr = 0x");
-  //itosz_h32((uint32_t)ptr, nbuf);
-  //tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-  //tell_user_sz("\n  &ptr->allocated = 0x");
-  //itosz_h32((uint32_t)&ptr->allocated, nbuf);
-  //tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-  //tell_user_sz("\n  ptr->allocated = ");
-  //tell_user_sz(ptr->allocated ? "true\n" : "false\n");
-
     if (ptr->allocated)
       continue;
     if (ptr->length == bytes) {
@@ -63,14 +51,7 @@ void *get_block(uint32_t bytes) {
   if (!header) {
     uint32_t size_with_header = bytes + sizeof(struct block_header);
     if (!(size_with_header % 4096)) {
-    //tell_user_sz("  allocate ");
-    //itosz(size_with_header / 4096, nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz(" pages = 0x");
       header = _allocate_ram(size_with_header / 4096);
-    //itosz_h32((uint32_t)header, nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz("\n");
       if (!header)
         return 0;
       header->length = bytes;
@@ -78,14 +59,7 @@ void *get_block(uint32_t bytes) {
     }
     else {
       uint32_t pages = (bytes + sizeof(struct block_header) * 2) / 4096 + 1;
-    //tell_user_sz("  allocate ");
-    //itosz(pages, nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz(" pages = 0x");
       header = _allocate_ram(pages);
-    //itosz_h32((uint32_t)header, nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-    //tell_user_sz("\n");
       if (!header)
         return 0;
       header->length = bytes;
diff --git a/src/user/knob/ipc.c b/src/user/knob/ipc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbf1a22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/knob/ipc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
+//blocking, returns early if other process is dead.
+//return value is number of bytes written.
+uint32_t try_send_ipc(_task_handle_t to, void *buffer, uint32_t size) {
+  const uint32_t size_backup = size;
+  while (size) {
+    uint32_t res = _ipc_send(to, size, buffer);
+    if (!res) {
+      _wait_ipc_read(to);
+      _yield_task();
+    }
+    else if (res == -1)
+      return size_backup - size;
+    else {
+      size -= res;
+      buffer += res;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//blocking, returns early if other process is dead.
+//return value is number of bytes read.
+uint32_t read_ipc(_task_handle_t from, void *buffer, uint32_t size) {
+  const uint32_t size_backup = size;
+  while (size) {
+    uint32_t res = _ipc_read(from, size, buffer);
+    if (!res) {
+      _wait_ipc_send(from);
+      _yield_task();
+    }
+    else if (res == -1)
+      return size_backup - size;
+    else {
+      size -= res;
+      buffer += res;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void flush_ipc(_task_handle_t from) {
+  uint8_t buf[4096];
+  while (_ipc_read(from, 4096, buf))
+    ;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/knob/key.c b/src/user/knob/key.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1506f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/knob/key.c
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#include <keypack.h>
+
+static const char no_mod[] = {
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, '\t','\n',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+  ' ',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, '\'',  0,   0,   0,   0,  ',', '-', '.', '/',
+  '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',  0,  ';',  0,  '=',  0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  '[','\\', ']',  0,   0,
+  '`', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o',
+  'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0
+};
+
+static const char shifted[] = {
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, '\t','\n',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+  ' ',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  '"',  0,   0,   0,   0,  '<', '_', '>', '?',
+  ')', '!', '@', '#', '$', '%', '^', '&', '*', '(',  0,  ':',  0,  '+',  0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  '{', '|', '}',  0,   0,
+  '~', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O',
+  'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0
+};
+
+static const char caps[] = {
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, '\t','\n',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+  ' ',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, '\'',  0,   0,   0,   0,  ',', '-', '.', '/',
+  '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',  0,  ';',  0,  '=',  0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  '[','\\', ']',  0,   0,
+  '`', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O',
+  'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0
+};
+
+static const char sh_caps[] = {
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, '\t','\n',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+  ' ',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  '"',  0,   0,   0,   0,  '<', '_', '>', '?',
+  ')', '!', '@', '#', '$', '%', '^', '&', '*', '(',  0,  ':',  0,  '+',  0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
+   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  '{', '|', '}',  0,   0,
+  '~', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o',
+  'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',  0,   0,   0,   0,   0
+};
+
+static const char num[] = {
+  '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '*', '+', '\n', '-', '.', '/'
+};
+
+__attribute__ ((pure))
+char key_to_char(struct key_packet kp) {
+  if (kp.key_id < 0x80) {
+    const char ch = (kp.modifiers & SHIFTS
+               ? kp.modifiers & CAPS
+                 ? sh_caps : shifted
+               : kp.modifiers & CAPS
+                 ? caps : no_mod)[kp.key_id];
+    return ch ? kp.modifiers & ALTS ? 0x80 & ch : ch : 0;
+  }
+
+  else if ((kp.modifiers & NUM) && ((kp.key_id & 0xf0) == 0xb0))
+    return num[kp.key_id & 0x0f];
+
+  else
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/knob/panic.c b/src/user/knob/panic.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ff663c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/knob/panic.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include <knob/format.h>
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+#include <pland/pcrt.h>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+__attribute__ ((noreturn))
+void panic(const char *filename, uint32_t line, const char *message) {
+  _system_log(format("panic in %s on line %u: %s", filename, line, message));
+  __pcrt_quit();
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/knob/task.c b/src/user/knob/task.c
index df5d38f..3bf3e85 100644
--- a/src/user/knob/task.c
+++ b/src/user/knob/task.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <knob/heap.h>
 #include <knob/block.h>
 
-_task_handle_t run_command(const char *path) {
+_task_handle_t run_command(const char *path, _task_handle_t stdio_task) {
   uint8_t dn;
   path = remove_prefix(path, &dn);
 
@@ -14,23 +14,21 @@ _task_handle_t run_command(const char *path) {
       blockcpy(new_path, path, ptr - path);
       new_path[ptr - path] = '\0';
 
-      bool succeded = _start_task(dn, new_path, ptr + 1);
+      bool succeded = _start_task(dn, new_path, ptr + 1, stdio_task);
       free_block(new_path);
       return succeded;
     }
 
-  return _start_task(dn, path, "");
+  return _start_task(dn, path, "", stdio_task);
 }
 
-bool try_run_command_blocking(const char *path) {
-  _task_handle_t handle = run_command(path);
+bool try_run_command_blocking(const char *path, _task_handle_t stdio_task) {
+  _task_handle_t handle = run_command(path, stdio_task);
   if (!handle)
     return false;
-  _wait_for_task(handle);
-  _yield_task();
+  while (_is_task_running(handle)) {
+    _wait_for_task(handle);
+    _yield_task();
+  }
   return true;
-}
-
-void yield_task() {
-  _yield_task();
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/knob/user.c b/src/user/knob/user.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e273bb..0000000
--- a/src/user/knob/user.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,299 +0,0 @@
-#include <pland/syscall.h>
-#include <knob/block.h>
-#include <knob/heap.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-
-static const uint8_t caps_and_shift[] = {
-  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
-  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
-  0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
-  0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
-  0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x22,
-  0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x3c, 0x5f, 0x3e, 0x3f,
-  0x29, 0x21, 0x40, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x5e, 0x26,
-  0x2a, 0x28, 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0x2d, 0x3e, 0x3f,
-
-  0x40, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67,
-  0x68, 0x69, 0x6a, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x6e, 0x6f,
-  0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77,
-  0x78, 0x79, 0x7a, 0x57, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x5e, 0x5f,
-  0x7e, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67,
-  0x68, 0x69, 0x6a, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x6e, 0x6f,
-  0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77,
-  0x78, 0x79, 0x7a, 0x7b, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0x00,
-
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
-};
-
-static const uint8_t caps_no_shift[] = {
-  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
-  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
-  0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
-  0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
-  0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27,
-  0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x2c, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0x2f,
-  0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37,
-  0x38, 0x39, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x3f,
-
-  0x40, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47,
-  0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x4e, 0x4f,
-  0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57,
-  0x58, 0x59, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5e, 0x5f,
-  0x60, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47,
-  0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x4e, 0x4f,
-  0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57,
-  0x58, 0x59, 0x5a, 0x7b, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0x00,
-
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
-};
-
-static const uint8_t shifted[] = {
-  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
-  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
-  0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
-  0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
-  0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x22,
-  0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x3c, 0x5f, 0x3e, 0x3f,
-  0x29, 0x21, 0x40, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x5e, 0x26,
-  0x2a, 0x28, 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0x2d, 0x3e, 0x3f,
-
-  0x40, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67,
-  0x68, 0x69, 0x6a, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x6e, 0x6f,
-  0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77,
-  0x78, 0x79, 0x7a, 0x57, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x5e, 0x5f,
-  0x7e, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47,
-  0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x4e, 0x4f,
-  0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57,
-  0x58, 0x59, 0x5a, 0x7b, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0x00,
-
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
-};
-
-__attribute__ ((const))
-char key_to_char(_key_code_t key) {
-  return
-    key & _KEY_CAPS
-    ? key & _KEY_SHIFT
-      ? caps_and_shift[key & 0xff]
-      : caps_no_shift[key & 0xff]
-    : key & _KEY_SHIFT
-      ? shifted[key & 0xff]
-      : key & 0xff;
-}
-
-static char get_key_char() {
-  _key_code_t key;
-  while (!(key = _get_key()))
-    _yield_task();
-  return key_to_char(key);
-}
-
-void tell_user_sz(const char *sz) {
-  _log_string(sz);
-}
-
-//return value and max_length don't include null terminator
-uint32_t ask_user_line_sz(char *sz, uint32_t max_length) {
-  char log_buf[2];
-  log_buf[1] = '\0';
-
-  uint32_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i != max_length; ++i) {
-    char key;
-  replace:
-    key = get_key_char();
-    if (!key)
-      goto replace;
-    if (key & 0x80)
-      goto replace;//TODO
-    if (key == '\b') {
-      if (i) {
-        --i;
-        _log_string("\b");
-      }
-      goto replace;
-    }
-
-    log_buf[0] = key;
-    _log_string(log_buf);
-
-    if (key == '\n')
-      break;
-    sz[i] = key;
-  }
-
-  sz[i] = '\0';
-  return i;
-}
-
-struct history_entry {
-  struct history_entry *prev;
-  struct history_entry *next;
-  const char *contents;
-};
-
-struct history {
-  struct history_entry *earliest_history_item;
-  struct history_entry *latest_history_item;
-  uint32_t max_entries;
-  uint32_t cur_entries;
-};
-
-struct history *new_history(uint32_t max_entries) {
-  struct history *new = get_block(sizeof(struct history));
-  new->latest_history_item = 0;
-  new->earliest_history_item = 0;
-  new->max_entries = max_entries;
-  new->cur_entries = 0;
-  return new;
-}
-
-void del_history(struct history *hs) {
-  free_block(hs);
-  for (struct history_entry *he = hs->latest_history_item; he; he = he->prev) {
-    free_block(he);
-    free_block(he->contents);
-  }
-}
-
-//return value and max_length don't include null terminator
-uint32_t ask_user_line_sz_with_history(char *sz, uint32_t max_length, struct history *hs) {
-  char log_buf[2];
-  log_buf[1] = '\0';
-  struct history_entry *cur_he = 0;
-
-  uint32_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i != max_length; ++i) {
-    char key;
-  replace:
-    key = get_key_char();
-    if (!key)
-      goto replace;
-    if (key == (char)_KEY_UP) {
-      struct history_entry *new_cur_he = cur_he ? cur_he->prev : hs->latest_history_item;
-      if (new_cur_he) {
-        cur_he = new_cur_he;
-        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < i; ++j)
-          _log_string("\b");
-        i = strcpy(sz, cur_he->contents);
-        _log_string(sz);
-      }
-      goto replace;
-    }
-    if (key == (char)_KEY_DOWN) {
-      cur_he = cur_he ? cur_he->next : 0;
-      for (uint32_t j = 0; j < i; ++j)
-        _log_string("\b");
-      if (cur_he) {
-        i = strcpy(sz, cur_he->contents);
-        _log_string(sz);
-      }
-      else
-        i = 0;
-      goto replace;
-    }
-    if (key & 0x80)
-      goto replace;//TODO
-    if (key == '\b') {
-      if (i) {
-        --i;
-        _log_string("\b");
-      }
-      goto replace;
-    }
-
-    log_buf[0] = key;
-    _log_string(log_buf);
-
-    if (key == '\n')
-      break;
-    sz[i] = key;
-  }
-
-  sz[i] = '\0';
-
-  struct history_entry *new_he = get_block(sizeof(struct history_entry));
-  new_he->contents = strdup(sz);
-
-  new_he->next = 0;
-  if (hs->latest_history_item) {
-    new_he->prev = hs->latest_history_item;
-    hs->latest_history_item->next = new_he;
-  }
-  else
-    new_he->prev = 0;
-  hs->latest_history_item = new_he;
-  if (!hs->earliest_history_item)
-    hs->earliest_history_item = new_he;
-  if (hs->max_entries == hs->cur_entries) {
-    free_block(hs->earliest_history_item);
-    free_block(hs->earliest_history_item->contents);
-    hs->earliest_history_item->next->prev = 0;
-    hs->earliest_history_item = hs->earliest_history_item->next;
-  }
-  else
-    ++(hs->cur_entries);
-
-  for (struct history_entry *check_he = hs->latest_history_item->prev; check_he; check_he = check_he->prev) {
-    if (blockequ(check_he->contents, sz, i + 1)) {
-      check_he->next->prev = check_he->prev;
-      if (check_he->prev)
-        check_he->prev->next = check_he->next;
-      else
-        hs->earliest_history_item = check_he->next;
-      free_block(check_he);
-      free_block(check_he->contents);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return i;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/libfont/bdf.c b/src/user/libfont/bdf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c19a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/libfont/bdf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <libfont/fonts.h>
+
+#include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/panic.h>
+#include <knob/block.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+#include <knob/file.h>
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#define LINE_BUF_SIZE 1000
+char line_buf[LINE_BUF_SIZE];
+
+static inline uint8_t hex_to_n(char ch) {
+  return ch - (ch >= 'A' ? 'A' - 10 : '0');
+}
+
+//very minimal implementation
+bool try_load_bdf(const char *path, struct font_info *into) {
+  struct file *f = open_file(path);
+  if (!f)
+    PANIC("Can't open font file sent by get_font.");
+
+  read_line_from_file(f, line_buf, LINE_BUF_SIZE - 1);
+  if (!strequ(line_buf, "STARTFONT 2.1")) {
+    close_file(f);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (uint16_t i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
+    into->bitmaps[i] = 0;
+  into->space_height = -1;
+  into->space_width = -1;
+  into->char_height = -1;
+  into->char_width = -1;
+
+  uint32_t current = 0;
+
+  while (read_line_from_file(f, line_buf, LINE_BUF_SIZE - 1)) {
+    if (blockequ(line_buf, "FONTBOUNDINGBOX ", 16)) {
+      uint32_t n;
+      uint32_t l = try_swtou(line_buf + 16, &n);
+      if (!l)
+        goto bad_format;
+      into->space_width = n;
+      into->char_width = n;
+      l = try_swtou(line_buf + 16 + l, &n);
+      if (!l)
+        goto bad_format;
+      into->space_height = n;
+      into->char_height = n;
+    }
+    else if (blockequ(line_buf, "ENCODING ", 9)) {
+      if (!try_swtou(line_buf + 9, &current))
+        goto bad_format;
+    }
+    else if (strequ(line_buf, "BITMAP")) {
+      if (current >= 256)
+        continue;
+      bool *bm = get_block(into->char_height * into->char_width);
+      if (!bm)
+        PANIC("could not allocate memory for font character bitmap");
+      into->bitmaps[current] = bm;
+
+      for (uint32_t y = 0; y < into->char_height; ++y) {
+        read_line_from_file(f, line_buf, LINE_BUF_SIZE - 1);
+        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < into->char_width; ++x)
+          bm[y * into->char_width + x] = (hex_to_n(line_buf[x / 4]) >> (3 - x % 4)) & 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  close_file(f);
+  f = 0;
+
+  if ((into->char_height  == -1) ||
+      (into->char_width   == -1) ||
+      (into->space_height == -1) ||
+      (into->space_width  == -1))
+    goto bad_format;
+
+  if (!into->bitmaps[0]) {
+    const uint32_t bytes = (into->char_height * into->char_width - 1) / 8 + 1;
+    into->bitmaps[0] = get_block(bytes);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < bytes; ++i)
+      into->bitmaps[0][i] = 0b01011010;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+
+bad_format:
+  if (f)
+    close_file(f);
+  for (uint16_t i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
+    if (into->bitmaps[i])
+      free_block(into->bitmaps[i]);
+  return false;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/libfont/bdf.h b/src/user/libfont/bdf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ed4189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/libfont/bdf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef LIBFONT_BDF_H
+#define LIBFONT_BDF_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+bool try_load_bdf(const char *path, struct font_info *into);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/libfont/filist.c b/src/user/libfont/filist.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae24429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/libfont/filist.c
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#include <libfont/fonts.h>
+#include <knob/block.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+
+struct dict_entry {
+  char *name;
+  struct font_info *fi;
+  struct dict_entry *prev;
+} *last_entry = 0;
+
+__attribute__ ((pure))
+struct font_info *find_entry(const char *name) {
+  for (struct dict_entry *i = last_entry; i; i = i->prev)
+    if (strequ(i->name, name))
+      return i->fi;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+struct font_info *new_entry(const char *name) {
+  struct dict_entry *const nde = get_block(sizeof(struct dict_entry));
+  nde->name = strdup(name);
+  nde->fi = get_block(sizeof(struct font_info));
+  nde->prev = last_entry;
+  last_entry = nde;
+  return nde->fi;
+}
+
+void del_last() {//only called when last_entry isn't 0
+  free_block(last_entry->name);
+  free_block(last_entry->fi);
+  free_block(last_entry);
+  last_entry = last_entry->prev;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/libfont/filist.h b/src/user/libfont/filist.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c78c640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/libfont/filist.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef LIBFONT_FILIST_H
+#define LIBFONT_FILIST_H
+
+struct font_info *find_entry(const char *name) __attribute__ ((pure));
+struct font_info *new_entry(const char *name);
+void del_last();
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/libfont/fonts.c b/src/user/libfont/fonts.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1692992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/libfont/fonts.c
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <libfont/fonts.h>
+#include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/block.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+#include <knob/file.h>
+
+#include "filist.h"
+#include "bdf.h"
+
+#define FONT_PATH "fonts/"
+#define FONT_PATH_L 6
+
+struct font_loader_t {
+  const char *ext;
+  bool (*func)(const char *, struct font_info *);
+} font_loaders[] = {
+  { .ext = ".bdf",
+    .func = try_load_bdf
+  },
+  { .ext = ""
+  }
+};
+
+struct font_info *get_font(const char *name) {
+  struct font_info *font = find_entry(name);
+  if (font)
+    return font;
+  font = new_entry(name);
+  if (!font)
+    return 0;//out of memory?
+
+  const uint32_t name_len = strlen(name);
+  for (struct font_loader_t *i = font_loaders; i->ext[0]; ++i) {
+    char *buf = get_block(FONT_PATH_L + name_len + strlen(i->ext) + 1);
+    blockcpy(buf, FONT_PATH, FONT_PATH_L);
+    blockcpy(buf + FONT_PATH_L, name, name_len);
+    strcpy(buf + FONT_PATH_L + name_len, i->ext);
+    struct file *f = open_file(buf);
+    if (!f) {
+      free_block(buf);
+      continue;
+    }
+    syslogf("[libfont] Loading %s%s...", name, i->ext);
+    if (i->func(buf, font)) {
+      close_file(f);
+      free_block(buf);
+      syslogf("[libfont] Loaded %s%s.", name, i->ext);
+      return font;
+    }
+    close_file(f);
+    free_block(buf);
+    syslogf("[libfont] Failed to load %s%s.", name, i->ext);
+  }
+  del_last();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void put_char(const struct font_info *font, char ch, uint8_t *pb_ptr, uint32_t pb_pitch, uint8_t bg, uint8_t fg) {
+//char *const msg = format("put_char(font = 0x%x, ch = '%c', pb_ptr = 0x%x, pb_pitch = %u, bg = 0x%2x, fg = 0x%2x);", font, ch, pb_ptr, pb_pitch, bg, fg);
+//_system_log(msg);
+//free_block(msg);
+  const bool *const bitmap = font->bitmaps[(uint8_t)ch] ? font->bitmaps[(uint8_t)ch] : font->bitmaps[0];
+  for (uint32_t y = 0; y < font->char_height; ++y)
+    for (uint32_t x = 0; x < font->char_width; ++x)
+      pb_ptr[y * pb_pitch + x] = bitmap[y * font->char_width + x] ? fg : bg;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/manual/manual.c b/src/user/manual/manual.c
deleted file mode 100644
index d1af406..0000000
--- a/src/user/manual/manual.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,303 +0,0 @@
-#include <knob/heap.h>
-#include <knob/file.h>
-#include <knob/block.h>
-#include <knob/format.h>
-#include <pland/syscall.h>
-
-#define ERROR_COLOR _COLOR_BG_LGRAY | _COLOR_FG_RED
-#define UI_COLOR    _COLOR_BG_LGRAY | _COLOR_FG_BLACK
-#define DEFAULT_TEXT_COLOR _COLOR_BG_BLACK | _COLOR_FG_WHITE
-
-#define MAN_ROOT "man/"
-#define MRL 4
-#define MAN_EXT "man"
-
-#define MAX_PATH_LEN 255
-
-#define SP80 "                                                                                "
-#define SP79 "                                                                               "
-#define SP69 "                                                                     "
-#define SP10 "          "
-
-struct file *cur_file = 0;
-
-char *name_backup = 0;
-
-uint32_t *line_offsets = 0;
-uint32_t n_lines;
-
-struct link {
-  uint32_t line;
-  uint8_t col;
-  uint8_t len;
-  char *lto;
-};
-
-struct link *link_table_start = 0;
-struct link *link_table_end;
-
-struct link *cur_link = 0;
-
-uint32_t line_on;
-
-#define DATA_BUF_SIZE 2000
-
-void print_page() {
-  uint8_t buf[DATA_BUF_SIZE];//1840 + up to 160 color codes
-  seek_file_to(cur_file, line_offsets[line_on]);
-  uint8_t *bufp = buf + DATA_BUF_SIZE;
-  uint8_t *bufend;
-  uint8_t row = 1, col = 0;
-
-  _set_color(DEFAULT_TEXT_COLOR);
-  while (row != 24) {
-    if (bufp == buf + DATA_BUF_SIZE) {
-      bufp = buf;
-      uint16_t bl = read_from_file(cur_file, DATA_BUF_SIZE, buf);
-      bufend = bl == DATA_BUF_SIZE ? 0 : buf + bl;
-    }
-    if (bufp == bufend) {
-      uint32_t *i = buf;
-      uint16_t l = 80 - col + (23 - row) * 80;
-      uint32_t *e = i + l / 4 + 1;
-      while (i != e)
-        *(i++) = 0x20202020;
-      buf[l] = '\0';
-      _print_at(row, col, buf);
-      break;
-    }
-    if (*bufp & 0x80)
-      _set_color(*bufp & 0x7f);
-    else {
-      char bufpb[2] = {*bufp, '\0'};
-      _print_at(row, col, bufpb);
-      if (++col == 80) {
-        col = 0;
-        ++row;
-      }
-    }
-    ++bufp;
-  }
-
-  if (cur_link)
-    for (uint8_t c = cur_link->col; c < cur_link->col + cur_link->len; ++c)
-      _swap_color(cur_link->line - line_on + 1, c);
-}
-
-void scroll_to(uint32_t n) {
-  if (n > n_lines - 23)
-    n = n_lines - 23;
-
-  if (cur_link && ((cur_link->line < n) || (cur_link->line >= n + 23)))
-    cur_link = 0;
-
-  line_on = n;
-  print_page();
-
-  char b[16] = "Line ";
-  itosz(line_on, b + 5);
-
-  _set_color(UI_COLOR);
-  _print_at(24, 0, SP69);
-  _print_at(24, 0, b);
-}
-
-void scroll_link() {
-  if (cur_link->line < line_on)
-    scroll_to(cur_link->line);
-  else if (cur_link->line >= line_on + 23)
-    scroll_to(cur_link->line - 22);
-  else
-    print_page();
-}
-
-void load_file(const char *name) {
-  static char cur_page[MAX_PATH_LEN + 1] = MAN_ROOT;
-  uint32_t name_len = strcpy(cur_page + MRL, name);
-  strcpy(cur_page + MRL + name_len, "." MAN_EXT);
-
-  struct file *new_file = open_file(cur_page);
-  if (!new_file) {
-    _set_color(ERROR_COLOR);
-    _print_at(24, 0, SP79);
-    _print_at(24, 0, "Could not open file.");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (name_backup)
-    free_block(name_backup);
-  name_backup = strdup(name);
-
-  if (cur_file)
-    close_file(cur_file);
-  cur_file = new_file;
-
-  uint32_t tlen;
-  read_from_file(cur_file, 4, &tlen);
-  char title[81];
-  read_from_file(cur_file, tlen + 1, title);
-
-  _set_color(UI_COLOR);
-  _print_at(0, 0, SP80);
-  _print_at(0, 0, title);
-
-  if (link_table_start) {
-    for (struct link *l = link_table_start; l != link_table_end; ++l)
-      free_block(l->lto);
-    free_block(link_table_start);
-  }
-  
-  uint32_t linktc;
-  read_from_file(cur_file, 4, &linktc);
-  if (linktc) {
-    link_table_start = get_block(sizeof(struct link) * linktc);
-    link_table_end = link_table_start + linktc;
-    read_from_file(cur_file, 4, &linktc);//dummy
-
-    for (struct link *l = link_table_start; l != link_table_end; ++l) {
-      read_from_file(cur_file, 4, &l->line);
-      read_from_file(cur_file, 1, &l->col);
-      read_from_file(cur_file, 1, &l->len);
-      uint32_t lto_l;
-      read_from_file(cur_file, 4, &lto_l);
-      l->lto = get_block(lto_l + 1);
-      read_from_file(cur_file, lto_l + 1, l->lto);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    link_table_start = 0;
-    read_from_file(cur_file, 4, &linktc);//dummy
-  }
-
-  cur_link = 0;
-
-  if (line_offsets)
-    free_block(line_offsets);
-  
-  read_from_file(cur_file, 4, &n_lines);
-  line_offsets = get_block(n_lines * 4);
-  read_from_file(cur_file, n_lines * 4, line_offsets);
-
-  char b[11];
-  itosz(n_lines, b);
-
-  _set_color(UI_COLOR);
-  _print_at(24, 69, SP10);
-  _print_at(24, 69, b);
-
-  scroll_to(0);
-}
-
-struct stack_entry {
-  struct stack_entry *down;
-  char *name;
-  uint32_t line;
-};
-
-struct stack_entry *stack_top = 0;
-
-void push() {
-  struct stack_entry *new_entry = get_block(sizeof(struct stack_entry));
-  new_entry->down = stack_top;
-  new_entry->name = strdup(name_backup);
-  new_entry->line = line_on;
-  stack_top = new_entry;
-}
-
-void pop() {
-  if (stack_top) {
-    load_file(stack_top->name);
-    scroll_to(stack_top->line);
-    free_block(stack_top->name);
-    free_block(stack_top);
-    stack_top = stack_top->down;
-  }
-}
-
-void main() {
-  _set_color(UI_COLOR);
-  _print_at(24, 79, " ");
-
-  load_file("index");
-
-  while (true) {
-    switch (_get_key()) {
-    case 0:
-    default:
-      _yield_task();
-      break;
-    case _KEY_UP:
-      if (n_lines <= 23)
-        break;
-      if (line_on)
-        scroll_to(line_on - 1);
-      break;
-    case _KEY_DOWN:
-      if (n_lines <= 23)
-        break;
-      if (line_on < n_lines - 23)
-        scroll_to(line_on + 1);
-      break;
-    case _KEY_PUP:
-      if (n_lines <= 23)
-        break;
-      scroll_to(line_on <= 22 ? 0 : line_on - 22);
-      break;
-    case _KEY_PDOWN:
-      if (n_lines <= 23)
-        break;
-      scroll_to(line_on + 22);
-      break;
-    case _KEY_LEFT:
-      if (cur_link == link_table_start)
-        break;
-      if (cur_link) {
-        --cur_link;
-        scroll_link();
-      }
-      else if (link_table_start) {
-        struct link *l = link_table_end;
-        while (l != link_table_start) {
-          --l;
-          if (l->line <= line_on + 22)
-            break;
-        }
-        cur_link = l;
-        scroll_link();
-      }
-      break;
-    case _KEY_RIGHT:
-      if (cur_link == link_table_end - 1)
-        break;
-      if (cur_link) {
-        ++cur_link;
-        scroll_link();
-      }
-      else if (link_table_start) {
-        struct link *l = link_table_start;
-        while (l != link_table_end) {
-          if (l->line >= line_on)
-            break;
-          ++l;
-        }
-        cur_link = l;
-        scroll_link();
-      }
-      break;
-    case ' ':
-    case '\n':
-    case _KEY_NENTER:
-      if (cur_link) {
-        push();
-        load_file(cur_link->lto);
-      }
-      break;
-    case _KEY_ESC:
-      if (stack_top)
-        pop();
-      break;
-    case 'q':
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/meminfo/meminfo.c b/src/user/meminfo/meminfo.c
index dd1d371..124a136 100644
--- a/src/user/meminfo/meminfo.c
+++ b/src/user/meminfo/meminfo.c
@@ -1,19 +1,30 @@
-#include <pland/syscall.h>
-#include <knob/user.h>
-#include <knob/format.h>
-
-void main() {
-  char nbuf[11];
+#include <popups/info.h>
 
-  tell_user_sz("Kernel dynamic memory remaining: ");
-
-  itosz(_kernel_dynamic_area_left() * 4, nbuf);
-  tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-  tell_user_sz("k\n");
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
 
-  tell_user_sz("Userspace memory remaining: ");
+static const struct key_packet meminfo_quits[] = {
+  { .key_id = KEY_ESCAPE, .modifiers = NO_MODS },
+  { .key_id = KEY_F5,     .modifiers = NO_MODS },
+  { .key_id = 0 }
+};
 
-  itosz(_total_userspace_left() * 4, nbuf);
-  tell_user_sz(nbuf);
-  tell_user_sz("k\n");
+void main() {
+  struct popup p;
+redo:
+  info_popupf(&p,
+    "kernel memory free: %uk\n"
+    "userspace memory free: %uk / %uk\n"
+    "Escape to quit, F5 to refresh.",
+    0x10, 0x08,
+    _kernel_dynamic_area_left() * 4,
+    _total_userspace_left() * 4,
+    _total_userspace_size() * 4
+  );
+  //hacky, i should really make info_popup take an arg
+  p.quit_binds = meminfo_quits;
+  make_modal(&p);
+  if (p.quit_as.key_id == KEY_F5)
+    //i should make popups have changable text
+    //(make a new pixbuf but reuse the window)
+    goto redo;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/popups/info.c b/src/user/popups/info.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81a09e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/popups/info.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <popups/popup.h>
+
+#include <libfont/fonts.h>
+
+#include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#define BORDER_SIZE 2
+//includes border
+#define PADDING 8
+#define FONT "berry"
+
+#define BORDER_COLOR 0x10
+#define BG_COLOR 0x07
+#define FG_COlOR 0x10
+
+static const struct font_info *info_font = 0;
+
+static const struct key_packet info_quits[] = {
+  { .key_id = KEY_ESCAPE, .modifiers = NO_MODS },
+  { .key_id = 0 }
+};
+
+void info_popup(struct popup *into, const char *msg, uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg) {
+  if (!info_font)
+    info_font = get_font(FONT);
+
+  uint32_t w = 0, h = 1, lw = 0;
+  for (const char *i = msg; *i; ++i)
+    if (*i == '\n') {
+      ++h;
+      if (lw > w)
+        w = lw;
+      lw = 0;
+    }
+    else
+      ++lw;
+  if (lw > w)
+    w = lw;
+
+  into->has_quit = false;
+  into->quit_binds = (struct key_packet *)info_quits;
+  into->free_quit_binds = false;
+
+  const uint32_t pitch  = info_font->space_width  * w + 2 * PADDING;
+  const uint32_t height = info_font->space_height * h + 2 * PADDING;
+
+  uint8_t *const pixbuf = get_block(pitch * height);
+
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pitch * BORDER_SIZE; ++i)
+    pixbuf[i] = BORDER_COLOR;
+  for (uint32_t y = BORDER_SIZE; y < height - BORDER_SIZE; ++y) {
+    for (uint32_t x = 0; x < BORDER_SIZE; ++x)
+      pixbuf[y * pitch + x] = BORDER_COLOR;
+    for (uint32_t x = pitch - BORDER_SIZE; x < pitch; ++x)
+      pixbuf[y * pitch + x] = BORDER_COLOR;
+  }
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pitch * BORDER_SIZE; ++i)
+    pixbuf[(height - BORDER_SIZE) * pitch + i] = BORDER_COLOR;
+
+  for (uint32_t y = BORDER_SIZE; y < height - BORDER_SIZE; ++y)
+    for (uint32_t x = BORDER_SIZE; x < pitch - BORDER_SIZE; ++x)
+      pixbuf[y * pitch + x] = BG_COLOR;
+
+  uint32_t my = 0;
+  uint32_t mx = 0;
+  --msg;
+  while (*++msg) {
+    if (*msg == '\n') {
+      ++my;
+      mx = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+    //syslogf("calling put_char(0x%x, '%c', pixbuf + %u, %u, 0x%2x, 0x%2x)", info_font, *msg,
+    //  (my * info_font->space_height + PADDING) * pitch + mx * info_font->space_width + PADDING,
+    //  pitch, BG_COLOR, FG_COlOR);
+      put_char(info_font, *msg, pixbuf + (my * info_font->space_height + PADDING) * pitch + mx++ * info_font->space_width + PADDING, pitch, BG_COLOR, FG_COlOR);
+    }
+  }
+
+  into->pixbuf = pixbuf;
+  into->handle = _new_window(pitch, height, pixbuf);
+}
+
+void info_popupf_v(struct popup *into, const char *text, uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg, va_list args) {
+  char *const msg = format_v(text, args);
+  info_popup(into, msg, fg, bg);
+  free_block(msg);
+}
+
+void info_popupf(struct popup *into, const char *text, uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, bg);
+  info_popupf_v(into, text, fg, bg, args);
+  va_end(args);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/popups/popup.c b/src/user/popups/popup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d214f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/popups/popup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include <popups/popup.h>
+
+#include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
+void handle_actions(struct popup *p) {
+  if (p->has_quit)
+    return;
+  struct window_action a;
+  while (1) {
+    _get_win_action(p->handle, &a);
+    if (a.action_type == NOT_READY)
+      return;
+    if ((a.action_type == KEY_DOWN)) {
+    //syslogf("got key 0x%2x, 0x%3x", a.as_key.key_id, a.as_key.modifiers);
+      for (const struct key_packet *kp = p->quit_binds; kp->key_id; ++kp) {
+      //syslogf("checking against 0x%2x, 0x%3x", kp->key_id, kp->modifiers);
+        if ((a.as_key.key_id == kp->key_id) && (a.as_key.modifiers == kp->modifiers)) {
+          p->has_quit = true;
+          p->quit_as = a.as_key;
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void delete_popup(struct popup *p) {
+  _delete_window(p->handle);
+  free_block(p->pixbuf);
+  if (p->free_quit_binds)
+    free_block(p->quit_binds);
+}
+
+void make_modal(struct popup *p) {
+  handle_actions(p);
+  while (!p->has_quit) {
+    _wait_for_action();
+    _yield_task();
+    handle_actions(p);
+  }
+  delete_popup(p);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/runtimes/c/elf.ld b/src/user/runtimes/c/elf.ld
index f321be2..3e9a034 100644
--- a/src/user/runtimes/c/elf.ld
+++ b/src/user/runtimes/c/elf.ld
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ SECTIONS {
   .__pcrt_before_main : {
     __pcrt_before_main_start = .;
     *(.__pcrt_before_main)
+    *(.init_array)
     __pcrt_before_main_end = .;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/user/runtimes/c/entry.asm b/src/user/runtimes/c/pcrt.asm
index bba8060..85c898c 100644
--- a/src/user/runtimes/c/entry.asm
+++ b/src/user/runtimes/c/pcrt.asm
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ bits 32
 
 global __pcrt_entry
 global __pcrt_quit
+global calling_task
+global stdio_task
 
 extern main
 extern __pcrt_before_main_start
@@ -11,7 +13,8 @@ extern __pcrt_before_quit_end
 
 section .text
 __pcrt_entry:
-  mov esp, stack
+  mov dword [calling_task], esi
+  mov dword [stdio_task], edi
   push edx
 
   mov ebx, __pcrt_before_main_start
@@ -37,6 +40,6 @@ __pcrt_quit:
 .end_task:
   int 0x38
 
-section .stack nobits alloc noexec write align=16
-resb 4096
-stack:
\ No newline at end of file
+section .bss
+calling_task resd 1
+stdio_task resd 1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/terminal/readline.c b/src/user/terminal/readline.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37ef54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/terminal/readline.c
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#include <terminal/terminal.h>
+
+#include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+#include <knob/key.h>
+
+#include <pland/syscall.h>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+//returns length of string without null terminator
+//max_length doesn't include null terminator
+uint32_t read_line(char *sz, uint32_t max_length, const char *prompt) {
+  uint32_t i = 0;
+  uint32_t l = 0;
+
+  term_add_sz_no_ww(prompt);
+  paint_term();
+
+  const _window_handle_t handle = active_term->window;
+  struct window_action action;
+  while (1) {
+    _get_win_action(handle, &action);
+    switch (action.action_type) {
+    case NOT_READY:
+      _wait_for_action();
+      _yield_task();
+      continue;
+    case KEY_DOWN:
+   //;char *const debug_msg = format("got key 0x%2x, 0x%3x", action.as_key.key_id, action.as_key.modifiers);
+   // _system_log(debug_msg);
+   // free_block(debug_msg);
+      switch (action.as_key.key_id) {
+      case KEY_DELETE:
+        if (i != l) {
+          cursor_right();
+          ++i;
+        }
+      case KEY_BSPACE:
+        if (!i)
+          continue;
+        --l;
+        --i;
+        for (uint8_t j = i; j < l; ++j)
+          sz[j] = sz[j + 1];
+        sz[l] = '\0';
+        cursor_left();
+        uint32_t cursor_backup_x = active_term->cursor_x;
+        uint32_t cursor_backup_y = active_term->cursor_y;
+        term_add_sz_no_ww(sz + i);
+        term_add_char(' ');
+        move_cursor(cursor_backup_y, cursor_backup_x);
+        paint_term();
+        continue;
+      case KEY_ENTER:
+        term_newline();
+        paint_term();
+        sz[l] = '\0';
+        return l;
+      case KEY_HOME:
+      case KEY_UP_ARROW:
+        for (; i; --i)
+          cursor_left();
+        paint_term();
+        continue;
+      case KEY_END:
+      case KEY_DOWN_ARROW:
+        for (; i != l; ++i)
+          cursor_right();
+        paint_term();
+        continue;
+      case KEY_LEFT_ARROW:
+        if (i) {
+          cursor_left();
+          paint_term();
+          --i;
+        }
+        continue;
+      case KEY_RIGHT_ARROW:
+        if (i != l) {
+          cursor_right();
+          paint_term();
+          ++i;
+        }
+        continue;
+      default:
+        if (i == max_length)
+          continue;
+        char ch = key_to_char(action.as_key);
+        if (ch) {
+          term_add_char(ch);
+          paint_term();
+          sz[i] = ch;
+          if (i == l)
+            ++l;
+          ++i;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+    default:
+      continue;
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/user/terminal/terminal.c b/src/user/terminal/terminal.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7961fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/user/terminal/terminal.c
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+#include <terminal/terminal.h>
+
+#include <libfont/fonts.h>
+
+#include <knob/format.h>
+#include <knob/heap.h>
+
+struct term_list_entry {
+  struct terminal term;
+  struct term_list_entry *next;
+  struct term_list_entry *prev;
+};
+
+struct term_list_entry *last_term = 0;
+struct terminal *active_term = 0;
+
+struct terminal *make_term(struct font_info *font, uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows) {
+  if (!font)
+    return 0;
+
+  struct term_list_entry *next_entry = get_block(sizeof(struct term_list_entry));
+  if (!next_entry)
+    return 0;
+
+  char *const cb = get_block(cols * rows);
+
+  if (!cb) {
+    free_block(next_entry);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const uint32_t w = cols * font->space_width;
+  const uint32_t h = rows * font->space_height;
+
+  uint8_t *const pb = get_block(w * h);
+  if (!pb) {
+    free_block(next_entry);
+    free_block(cb);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  _window_handle_t win = _new_window(w, h, pb);
+  if (!win) {
+    free_block(next_entry);
+    free_block(cb);
+    free_block(pb);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  for (char *i = cb; i < cb + cols * rows; ++i)
+    *i = ' ';
+  for (uint8_t *i = pb; i < pb + w * h; ++i)
+    *i = 0x10;
+
+  next_entry->term.window = win;
+  next_entry->term.pixbuf = pb;
+  next_entry->term.window_width = w;
+  next_entry->term.window_height = h;
+
+  next_entry->term.font = font;
+
+  next_entry->term.cols = cols;
+  next_entry->term.rows = rows;
+  next_entry->term.charbuf = cb;
+
+  next_entry->term.cursor_y = 0;
+  next_entry->term.cursor_x = 0;
+
+  next_entry->term.fg = 0x0f;
+  next_entry->term.bg = 0x10;
+
+  next_entry->prev = last_term;
+  next_entry->next = 0;
+
+  if (last_term)
+    last_term->next = next_entry;
+  last_term = next_entry;
+
+  return (struct terminal *)next_entry;
+}
+
+void del_term(struct terminal *term) {
+  _delete_window(term->window);
+  free_block(term->pixbuf);
+  free_block(term->charbuf);
+
+  free_block(term);//coincides with the term_list_entry
+  if (active_term == term)
+    active_term = 0;
+
+  for (struct term_list_entry *i = last_term; i; i = i->prev)
+    if (i == (struct term_list_entry *)term) {
+      if (i->prev)
+        i->prev->next = i->next;
+      if (i->next)
+        i->next->prev = i->prev;
+      if (i == last_term)
+        last_term = i->prev;
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+static void draw_char(uint32_t y, uint32_t x, bool inverted) {
+  put_char(active_term->font, active_term->charbuf[y * active_term->cols + x], active_term->pixbuf + (y * active_term->cols * active_term->font->space_height + x) * active_term->font->space_width, active_term->window_width, inverted ? active_term->fg : active_term->bg, inverted ? active_term->bg : active_term->fg);
+}
+
+static void draw_cursor() {
+  draw_char(active_term->cursor_y, active_term->cursor_x, true);
+}
+
+void paint_term() {
+  _paint_window(active_term->window);
+}
+
+void move_cursor(uint32_t new_y, uint32_t new_x) {
+  draw_char(active_term->cursor_y, active_term->cursor_x, false);
+  active_term->cursor_y = new_y;
+  active_term->cursor_x = new_x;
+  draw_cursor();
+}
+
+static void redraw_term() {
+  for (uint32_t y = 0; y < active_term->rows; ++y)
+    for (uint32_t x = 0; x < active_term->cols; ++x)
+      draw_char(y, x, false);
+  draw_cursor();
+}
+
+void set_color(uint8_t fg, uint8_t bg) {
+  active_term->fg = fg;
+  active_term->bg = bg;
+  redraw_term();
+}
+
+void clear_term() {
+  for (char *i = active_term->charbuf, *const e = i + active_term->cols * active_term->rows; i != e; ++i)
+    *i = ' ';
+  for (uint8_t *i = active_term->pixbuf, *const e = i + active_term->window_width * active_term->window_height; i != e; ++i)
+    *i = active_term->bg;
+  move_cursor(0, 0);
+}
+
+void cursor_up() {
+  draw_char(active_term->cursor_y, active_term->cursor_x, false);
+  if (active_term->cursor_y)
+    --active_term->cursor_y;
+  else
+  //eventually, maybe scroll back through a longer terminal buffer
+    active_term->cursor_x = 0;
+  draw_cursor();
+}
+
+void cursor_left() {
+  draw_char(active_term->cursor_y, active_term->cursor_x, false);
+  if (active_term->cursor_x) {
+    --active_term->cursor_x;
+    draw_cursor();
+  }
+  else {
+    active_term->cursor_x = active_term->cols - 1;
+    cursor_up();
+  }
+}
+
+void cursor_down() {
+  draw_char(active_term->cursor_y, active_term->cursor_x, false);
+
+  const uint32_t rows = active_term->rows;
+
+  if (++active_term->cursor_y == rows) {
+    --active_term->cursor_y;
+
+    char *const cb = active_term->charbuf;
+    uint8_t *const pb = active_term->pixbuf;
+    const uint32_t cols = active_term->cols;
+    const uint32_t fw = active_term->font->space_width;
+    const uint32_t fh = active_term->font->space_height;
+
+    char *to;
+    for (to = cb; to < cb + (rows - 1) * cols; ++to)
+      *to = *(to + cols);
+    for (; to < cb + rows * cols; ++to)
+      *to = ' ';
+    uint8_t *pto;
+    for (pto = pb; pto < pb + cols * fw * (rows - 1) * fh; ++pto)
+      *pto = *(pto + cols * fw * fh);
+    for (; pto < pb + cols * fw * rows * fh; ++pto)
+      *pto = active_term->bg;
+  }
+
+  draw_cursor();
+}
+
+void cursor_right() {
+  draw_char(active_term->cursor_y, active_term->cursor_x, false);
+
+  if (++active_term->cursor_x == active_term->cols)
+    term_newline();
+  else
+    draw_cursor();
+}
+
+void term_newline() {
+  draw_char(active_term->cursor_y, active_term->cursor_x, false);
+  active_term->cursor_x = 0;
+  cursor_down();
+}
+
+void term_add_char(char ch) {
+  if (ch == '\n') {
+    term_newline();
+    return;
+  }
+//char *const debug_msg = format("charbuf[%u] = '%c'", active_term->cursor_y * active_term->cols + active_term->cursor_x, ch);
+//_system_log(debug_msg);
+//free_block(debug_msg);
+  active_term->charbuf[active_term->cursor_y * active_term->cols + active_term->cursor_x] = ch;
+  cursor_right();
+}
+
+void term_add_sz_no_ww(const char *sz) {
+  while (*sz)
+    term_add_char(*(sz++));
+}
+
+#define MIN_TAB  3
+#define TAB_STEP 4
+
+void term_add_sz(const char *sz) {
+  //TODO: special hyphen handling
+  const char *word = sz;
+  while (1)
+    if (!*sz || (*sz == ' ') || (*sz == '\n') || (*sz == '\t')) {
+      const uint32_t len = sz - word;
+      if ((active_term->cursor_x + len > active_term->cols) && (len <= active_term->cols) && active_term->cols)
+        term_newline();
+      for (const char *i = word; i < sz; ++i)
+        term_add_char(*i);
+      while ((*sz == ' ') || (*sz == '\n') || (*sz == '\t')) {
+        if (*sz == '\n')
+          term_newline();
+        else if (*sz == '\t') {
+          for (uint8_t i = 0; i < MIN_TAB; ++i)
+            cursor_right();
+          while (active_term->cursor_x % TAB_STEP)
+            cursor_right();
+        }
+        ++sz;
+      }
+      if (!*sz)
+        return;
+      if (active_term->cursor_x)
+        term_add_char(' ');
+      word = sz;
+    }
+    else
+      ++sz;
+}
+
+void term_addf_no_ww_v(const char *fmt, va_list args) {
+  char *const msg = format_v(fmt, args);
+  term_add_sz_no_ww(msg);
+  free_block(msg);
+}
+
+void term_addf_no_ww(const char *fmt, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  term_addf_no_ww_v(fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+}
+
+void term_addf_v(const char *fmt, va_list args) {
+  char *const msg = format_v(fmt, args);
+  term_add_sz(msg);
+  free_block(msg);
+}
+
+void term_addf(const char *fmt, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  term_addf_v(fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+}
\ No newline at end of file